Dynamics of detection and utilisation of large mammal carcasses by scavengers

Abstract

Carrion is a short-lived but nutrient-rich resource in terrestrial ecosystems. After an animal dies, its body becomes a carcass that can be utilised by scavengers, detritivores, and other microorganisms. Carrion represents a spatially heterogeneous resource, creating localised hotspots of biological and chemical activity, which become particularly pronounced in the case of large vertebrates. Although numerous studies worldwide have investigated carrion use and consumption, considerable gaps remain in understanding carcass detection, utilisation and their ecological impacts. No such studies have previously been conducted in Lithuania. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the utilisation of large mammal carcasses by scavengers in Varnaitinė Forest located in Jurbarkas district. Four study sites were selected within the forest where carcasses were placed approximately twice per month and monitored using camera traps. We recorded scavenger species composition, carcass detection time, visitation duration, and time to complete consumption. The results showed that red foxes, raccoon dogs, and ravens were the dominant scavengers in Varnaitinė Forest. In more open habitats, ravens most frequently detected carcasses first. The mean carcass detection time was 30 hours, while the average time to complete consumption was 81 hours. These findings suggest that in temperate forest ecosystems, carrion functions as a short-lived but ecologically significant source of food and energy.